What is Business Intelligence - BI

Business Intelligence

What is Business Intelligence

Business intelligence, or BI, is an umbrella term that refers to a variety of software applications used to analyze an organization’s raw data. BI as a discipline is made up of several related activities, including data mining, online analytical processing, querying and reporting.

Companies use BI to improve decision making, cut costs and identify new business opportunities. BI is more than just corporate reporting and more than a set of tools to coax data out of enterprise systems. CIOs use BI to identify inefficient business processes that are ripe for re-engineering.

These systems allow a company to gather, store, access and analyze corporate data to aid in decision-making. Generally these systems will illustrate business intelligence in the areas of customer profiling, customer support, market research, market segmentation, product profitability, statistical analysis, and inventory and distribution analysis to name a few.

Read More

What is Data Warehouse and its benfits

data warehouse

What is data warehouse?

A data warehouse is a relational database that is designed for query and analysis rather than for transaction processing. It usually contains historical data derived from transaction data, but it can include data from other sources. It separates analysis workload from transaction workload and enables an organization to consolidate data from several sources.

In addition to a relational database, a data warehouse environment includes an extraction, transportation, transformation, and loading (ETL) solution, an online analytical processing (OLAP) engine, client analysis tools, and other applications that manage the process of gathering data and delivering it to business users.

Read More

Samsung Galaxy Gear smart watch

Samsung Galaxy Gear Smart Watch

First look of Samsung Smart Watch

Read More

CMA Awards

What is CMA Awards?

The Country Music Association Awards, also known as the CMA Awards, or the CMAs, and not to be confused with the ACM Awards, are voted on by business members of the Country Music Association.

Annual awards are given in the following twelve categories: Entertainer, Male Vocalist, Female Vocalist, New Artist (previously known as the Horizon Award until 2008), Vocal Group, Vocal Duo (introduced in 1970), Single, Album, Song, Musical Event (split off from the Vocal Duo award in 1988 as Vocal Event), Music Video (introduced in 1985), and Musician. The distinction between the Duo and Event awards is that the former is presented to two artists who normally perform together, while the latter was specifically created to honor one-off collaborations.

Website: http://www.cmaworld.com/cma-awards/


 

Read More

Apple iPad Air - Review and News Updates

Apple iPad Air

 
Apple is betting a thinner, lighter and faster iPad is enough to fend off growing competition from the likes of Samsung, Google and Amazon.

At an event in San Francisco on Tuesday, the company unveiled a refreshed version of its popular tablet.

The iPad Air weighs 1 pound and runs on Apple's new A7 chip, said Phil Schiller, senior vice president of worldwide marketing at Apple. It will also have an updated camera.

It will come in silver, white, space gray and black and will start at $499.

iPad Air Hands-on Video Review



Ipad Air - The Power of lightness

Read More

Peyton Manning Wallpapers Downloads

Following are the latest wallpaper collection of Peyton Manning.

Gallery 1

Gallery 2

Read More

Windows 8.1 latest release review

Windows 8.1

Most waiting upgrade has been released from Microsoft on Windows 8.1 operating system.

Following are key features incorporated in this latest version.

Click here to Read More...

Read More

HOW TO MAKE ONION RINGS - Recipes

Onion Rings

The below video will explain you about making onion rings.

Read More

Carrie Hollywood Horror Movie 2013 Trailer

Read More

gravity hollywood movie trailer 2013 official

Read More

What is a lunar eclipse?

Lunar Eclipse

A lunar eclipse occurs when the sun, Earth, and moon align. During total lunar eclipses, the entire moon is engulfed in Earth's darkest shadow. But during partial eclipses, the moon never completely goes dark or turns red—only a portion of its disk appears to darken slightly.

"This is an eclipse where the circumstances place the moon only inside of the very light outer shadow of the Earth called the penumbra, rather than the darker inner shadow known as the umbra,"

Read More

Why should I hire you? - Interview Question and Answer

Why should I hire you

Why should I hire you? is the most important question and your answer must be clear as per the potion you have applied.

The below is one of the best example video describes about the why should I hire you.

Read More

Tell me about yourself - a most common asked interview question

Tell me about yourself

Tell me about yourself is the most common asked interview question for any interview.

First impression is the best impression and every good answer will add winning situation in your interview.

The below video well describe about the best answer.

Read More

Team Leader Qualities - Inspired

Team Leader

A great team leader is someone who can see each team members' strong suit(s) ie: organizer, communicator, leader, researcher, presenter, etc., focusing on the positive and using each team member accordingly for their special skill to accomplish the desired goal.

A great team leader also allows his/her team members to take credit where credit is due during the goal reaching process. A great team leader goes back after the goal is accomplished and discusses the process and how each member has contributed to the success of the goal. I believe focusing on the positive and letting go of the negative allows for confidence building which naturally builds esteem and desire in a person to perform better in their pursuits.

Listen. 

One of the most important things that you can do to ensure the success of your team is to listen to team members and to be sure to hear what they are saying. Always listen respectfully and expect other team members to do the same. Encourage all members to contribute their thoughts and ideas and, just as importantly, their concerns and criticisms. Also, encourage them to ask questions so that uncertainties can be addressed up front rather than later, when they have cost time and money and created frustration and confusion.

Listen to others.

Even though you are the team leader and you make the decisions, you should always ask people what their opinion is. Try to incorporate them whenever it's feasible. You aren't a dictator.

Don't play favorites. 

It can cause resentment and undercut team productivity.
Get to know each team member's strengths and weaknesses so that you can utilize his strengths most effectively and address his weaknesses appropriately.

Take in others' suggestions.

When someone gives you an idea, work on it. Think of how you can improve on it. A good leader is one that listens and not just talks. Show the team you are flexible to consider their thoughts.

Include everyone.

If some people are a little left behind, help them. Always try to include them. Find a task for everyone no matter what their skill or level.

Encourage your team.

Sometimes people are scared to try something and this is where the leader comes in. You have to encourage your team mates and show them that the task is possible, even if difficult, and try to make it fun for them. Show them the positive results of their work.

Work on your communication skills. 

You will be a better team leader if you are clear in setting goals, assigning responsibilities and detailing what needs to be done so that team members can focus their energy most productively.

Fair


Address problems quickly and fairly. If one team member is hurting the productivity and morale of the team, for example, by not getting work done on time, the best team leaders don't put off addressing the issue. Be specific about what the team member needs to do to improve, set a reasonable time frame for improvement and provide appropriate support to help the team member improve.


Great Teams Read Together

Leaders are readers, so if you’re going to create leaders within the team, they should consistently read. We’re always sharing articles and books among our team. It keeps us on top of recent trends and helps stimulate strategic thoughts.

Know what you are talking about.

If your teammates are as confused as you are, how will they know what to do? As the leader, you must do the research first, or have the most information.


Ask for input

Dictatorial team leaders command; effective team leaders seek input. Demonstrate your respect for team members by asking for their input and suggestions, and then using their best ideas.

Set realistic but challenging goals for the team. 

Goals that require team members to stretch and to learn new skills are more interesting and satisfying and more likely to bring out the best in the group.

Be a Thought Leader

Top talent is too good to work for middling companies with weak brands. The more you can position yourself as an authority in your industry, the more talent will naturally be attracted to your business. I try to contribute to at least two publications each month to share my expertise with others, and those articles show up when potential hires research my company.

Negotiation

Team leaders utilize negotiation skills to achieve results and reach an understanding in the event of a workplace conflict. Team leaders who negotiate effectively streamline the decision-making process, as well as solve problems for the best interest of everyone involved.

Enjoy being a leader.

Even though leaders have to take things seriously, there is no reason you can't have fun. Just don't get too carried away. Balance the serious business at hand with regard for the morale and spirits of the team.

Pay attention to morale.

A demoralized team won't function. You must set the positive spirit, make the goals clear, show how the job is feasible and possible. No one will work for an impossible goal.

Maintain Systematic Processes: 

Once you’ve achieved success in a certain area, create a process that mimics that success over and over. A great read on this topic is “The Checklist Manifesto.” In it, a hospital created checklists to create a systematic process for maintaining good health in the building, and they decreased infections by 66%. Checklists increase the effectiveness – and success – of a team.

Play to People’s Strengths

Find out what your employees are great at, but don’t forget about their weaknesses. Each team member should be spending time doing what he or she does best, but you should recognize weaknesses and help your employees improve. Don’t miss out on creating an all-around rock star employee just because he really “kills it” at one thing.


Lead by Example.

Be the kind of team member you want everyone on your team to be. Show–don’t just tell–team members what you aspire to for them.

A quality team leader treats team members fairly. 

He is consistent with rewards and recognition, as well as disciplinary action. A fair leader ensures all employees receive the same treatment.
Integrity

Don’t Settle for Mediocre

It’s not fun to fire people, so employers often settle for the first so-so person they hire. However, this practice can lead to weaknesses within a team. Once you realize a member of the team is performing at a mediocre level, call him out, but more importantly, support him to do better. If there’s no improvement, it’s time to find a new rock star for your team.

Invest in Your First Five Hires

The more time you invest in training your first five hires, the less time you have to spend training the ones who join the company later. Make it a point to set aside time with each member to support him or her so everyone is prepared to show that same support to new employees as your company grows.

Communication
Effective team leaders communicate clearly. Quality verbal and written communication skills allow leaders to present expectations to team members in a way workers can understand. Effective communication skills also allow team leaders to listen to the input of others.

Organization

Effective team leaders possess exceptional organizational skills. Organizational skills help team leaders plan objectives and strategies, which allow team members to perform optimally. Organized team leaders put systems in place that maintain order and guide team members toward meeting company goals and objectives.

Facilitator

Effective team leaders are powerful facilitators. As a facilitator, team leaders help workers understand their goals. They also help organize an action plan to ensure team members meet their goals and objectives more efficiently.

Give team members as much autonomy and independence as possible. 

Your job as team leader is to provide direction and oversight not to micromanage each member's work. The amount of hands-on management needed will depend on the team and its members, but be sure members have as much freedom as they deserve and can handle.

Personal Lives are Important: Recognize that your team members have personal lives. 

It’s easy to take small steps to celebrate birthdays, weddings, or other significant moments in their lives. If you see an opportunity to help a team member outside of work, it pays to take it. It helps build loyalty with your employees, and they tend to pay it forward with other team members.

An effective team leader is honest and open with his team members. 

Leaders who possess integrity gain the trust of team members because he does what he says he will do and treats others the same way he wants to be treated.

Influential

Influential leaders help inspire the commitment of team members to meet company goals and objectives. Influential leaders also help manage change in the workplace by gaining the confidence of workers through effective decision making and communication.

Delegation


Effective team leaders know how to share leadership through delegation. Delegating certain tasks to trustworthy team members allows the leader to focus on improving workplace functions and production.

Respectful

A quality team leader is respectful of his team members. A respectful leader empowers employees by encouraging them to offer ideas about decisions that affect them. This lets team members know that the leader respects their input and opinions.

Confidence

An effective team leader is confident in his abilities, as well as confident in the abilities of his team members. A confident leader is secure in the decisions he makes that affect his team. A self-confident team leader also reassures team members of his authority within the organization.

It’s Okay to Be Friends

In most offices, you’ll spend more time with your coworkers than you do with your family. Being friends and getting along not only increases performance, it also leads to a great work environment. As long as you keep a goal-oriented focus and hold people accountable, you shouldn’t be scared of a team that’s made up of your friends.

Emphasize the importance of the team. 

Celebrate successes as team successes and setbacks or failures as team setbacks or failures. Individual contributions certainly should be commended and rewarded, but the message should be that the team comes first.

Support team members' aspirations. 

As much as possible, help each member to grow professionally as a part of the team, give her more responsibility as it is warranted, and support her aspirations to eventually move beyond the team to new responsibilities.

Encourage Always
A good team member and a good team leader is known by the encouragement and support they offer others.

Trust is Crucial

A team member can be highly intelligent and a hard worker, but if you can’t trust that person, it’s time to let him go. If you keep that person on, you’ll have a bigger problem to deal with when disaster strikes. Your daily operations could take a big hit if you retain employees you can’t trust.

Forget the Money

Hire a person whose main motivation is to build a team, or someone who has a passion for your business in general. Money is extremely important, but when it’s the main thing on someone’s mind, it can be a distraction. It’s important for your employees to care about the success of your business, and if all they see are dollar signs, their hearts may not be in it.

Help by teaching, not by doing
Sometimes, especially when trying something new, team members need assistance. Get actively involved not in doing the work of the team member but in teaching them how to do it.

Give Recognition

Recognize people when they do something extraordinary. It not only gives people a sense of accomplishment, it inspires others to make efforts to go above and beyond their normal duties as well. We give a Championship Belt to a team member each week to recognize that person for doing something incredible. Even small efforts can make your employees feel appreciated and inspire them to do even more.

Strong Advocate

Be a strong advocate for the team with upper management, and be sure that team members know that you've got their back. This can make a huge difference in team morale and productivity and in your success as a team leader.

Diversity Brings Innovation

There’s a reason diversity is a common topic among employers. To build a great team, you need diverse thinkers. A variety of races, ages, and sexes can help a team think outside the box and hit problems from many different angles. Plus, it makes your office a more interesting place to work.

Read More

Difference between Programmer, Software Developer and Software Engineer

Programmer - Focus on writing code as the primary activity of software development, often attached with particular programming languages and parts of a whole software solution. In most cases, junior professionals join in a software house as a programmer (well junior programmer you know).

The process of developing and implementing various sets of instructions to enable a computer to do a certain task. These instructions are considered computer programs and help the computer to operate smoothly. The language used to program computers is not understood by an untrained eye. Computer programming continues to be a necessary process as the Internet continues to expand.

Software Developer - They are programmers who have expertise on developing a particular type of solution effectively and efficiently. In most cases, software developers are just programmers, may be with a better project experience. In some cases they are known indifferently as software engineers though, I don't think Software Engineers fall under these category.

Software development is the process of developing software through successive phases in an orderly way. This process includes not only the actual writing of code but also the preparation of requirements and objectives, the design of what is to be coded, and confirmation that what is developed has met objectives.

Before systems development methods came into being, the development of new systems or products was often carried out by using the experience and intuition of management and technical personnel. However, the complexity of modern systems and computer products long ago made the need clear for some kind of orderly development process


Software Engineer - A software engineer is somebody who applies a formal or structured approach to the development of software. He thinks about correctness, completeness, re-usability and workability that matches the end goal for the finished product. A good and short alternate definition may be - a software engineer is one employed to solve problems by the application of information technology.

There are few more categories to be known and will discuss the same in future posts.

Software Professional

Software Architect

System Analyst

Software Consultant

Software Manager

Project Manager

IT Manager

Chief Technology Officer

 

Read More

Difference between Resume and CV (Curriculum Vitae)

Resume vs CV

CV – long, covers your entire career, static

Resume – short, no particular format rule, highly customizable



What is CV

A CV (Curriculum Vita, which means course of life in Latin) is an in-depth document that can be laid out over two or more pages and it contains a high level of detail about your achievements, a great deal more than just a career biography. The CV covers your education as well as any other accomplishments like publications, awards, honors etc.

The document tends to be organized chronologically and should make it easy to get an overview of an individual’s full working career. A CV is static and doesn’t change for different positions, the difference would be in the cover letter.

What is Resume

A resume is a concise document typically not longer than one page as the intended the reader will not dwell on your document for very long. The goal of a resume is to make an individual stand out from the competition.

The job seeker should adapt the resume to every position they apply for. It is in the applicant’s interest to change the resume from one job application to another and to tailor it to the needs of the specific post. A resume doesn’t have to be ordered chronologically, doesn’t have to cover your whole career like and is a highly customizable document.

Difference between CV and Resume:

In the United States, a curriculum vitae is used primarily when applying for academic, education, scientific or research positions. It is also applicable when applying for fellowships or grants.

The primary differences between a resume and a curriculum vitae (CV) are the length, what is included and what each is used for. A resume is a one or two page summary of your skills, experience and education. While a resume is brief and concise - no more than a page or two, a curriculum vitae is a longer (at least two pages) and more detailed synopsis.

A curriculum vitae includes a summary of your educational and academic backgrounds as well as teaching and research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors, affiliations and other details. In Europe, the Middle East, Africa, or Asia, employers may expect to receive a curriculum vitae.

Read More

Difference between Leader and Manager

Leader Vs Manager

We are glad to share the difference between Leader and Manager. Every organization needs Leaders and Managers based on the structure and operation model.

One who wanted to start their career in right path must know the difference between these two terms. This is the success and key for achieving your goals

We would like to start our conversation with Leader and you will know better why we have started with Leader at the end.

Top 10 Difference between Leader and Manager


Comparison between Leader and Manager

About Leader	About Manager
Leaders ask questions	Managers give answers
Leaders call attention to mistakes indirectly	Managers criticize mistakes
Leaders reward even the smallest improvement	Managers forget to praise
Leaders emphasize the good	Managers focus on the bad
Leaders credit their teams	Managers want credit
Leaders win followers	Managers have employees
Leaders create change	Managers react to change
Leaders implement Ideas	Managers have good ideas
Leaders persuade	Managers communicate
Leaders create teams	Managers direct groups
Leaders make heroes of everyone around them	Managers try to be heroes
Leaders take responsibility.	Managers take credit
Leaders create shared focus	Managers are focused
Leaders develop power with people	Managers exercise power over people
Leaders inspire	Managers mandate
Leaders set example of performance	Managers talk about performance
Leaders create a shared vision of what can be	Managers give the vision of the company
Leaders do the right thing	Managers do things right
Leader innovates.	Manager administers
Leader is an original	Manager is a copy
Leader develops	Manager maintains
Leader focuses on people	Manager focuses on systems and structure
Leader inspires trust	Manager relies on control
Leader has a long-range perspective	Manager has a short-range view
Leader asks what and why	Manager asks how and when
Leader’s eye is on the horizon	Manager has his or her eye always on the bottom line
Leader originates	Manager imitates
Leader challenges it	Manager accepts the status quo
Leader is his or her own person	Manager is the classic good soldier

Read More

Senior Performance & Change Management Consultant

Change Management:

Change management is a systematic approach to dealing with change, both from the perspective of an organization and on the individual level. A somewhat ambiguous term, change management has at least three different aspects, including: adapting to change, controlling change, and effecting change. A proactive approach to dealing with change is at the core of all three aspects. For an organization, change management means defining and implementing procedures and/or technologies to deal with changes in the business environment and to profit from changing opportunities.

Desired Qualities in  Chang Management Consultant:

• Experience in large diverse organisations, with some experience in the public sector
• Experience in crafting successful and effective cultural change intervention strategies that are high profile with clear sustainable outcomes
• The ability to understand internal communications and an ability to implement successful change strategies
• Experience in working collegiately with multi-disciplinary team
• A strong ability to analyse and interpret data and utilise in strategy development
• Strong facilitation and influencing skills

Read More

mysql different storage engines

MySql different storage engines

Following are the basic storage engines available in mysql database.

One must have brief idea on these storage engines to face any kind of interview.

• MyISAM - the default MySQL pluggable storage engine and the one that is used the most in Web, data warehousing, and other application environments. Note that a MySQL server's default storage engine can easily be changed by altering the STORAGE_ENGINE configuration variable
• InnoDB - used for transaction processing applications, and sports a number of features including ACID transaction support.
• BDB - an alternative transaction engine to InnoDB that supports COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and other transactional features.
• Memory - stores all data in RAM for extremely fast access in environments that require quick look ups of reference and other like data.
• Merge - allows a MySQL DBA or developer to logically group together a series of identical MyISAM tables and reference them as one object. Good for VLDB environments like data warehousing.
• Archive - provides the perfect solution for storing and retrieving large amounts of seldom-referenced historical, archived, or security audit information.
• Federated - offers the ability to link together separate MySQL servers to create one logical database from many physical servers. Very good for distributed or data mart environments.
• Cluster/NDB - the Clustered database engine of MySQL that is particularly suited for applications with high performance lookup needs that also require the highest possible degree of uptime and availability.
• Other - other storage engines include CSV (references comma-separated files as database tables), Blackhole (for temporarily disabling application input to the database) and an Example engine that helps jump start the process of creating custom pluggable storage engines.

Read More

networking jobs interview questions

OSI Model

How many layers are in OSI model? Name them

There are seven layers of OSI model. The layers are:

1.               Application layer

2.               Presentation layer

3.               Session layer

4.               Transport layer

5.               Network layer

6.               Data link layer

7.               Physical layer

Note: You can remember the seven layer model by a simple sentence. Please Do Not Touch Steven's Pet Alligator. See, the starting of each word forms the layer.

Why do you need to use a router?

Router can easily divide the broadcast domain and collision domain. So, to communicate among several networks, routers are used.

What is the second layer of OSI model?

Data Link layer.

Name two network devices which can work as layer 2 device.

Switch and router

What is OSI model?

OSI revers for Open System Interconnection Reference Model. It is an abstract model for layered communications and computer network protocol design. There are seven layers of OSI model which, from top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link, and Physical Layers.

OSI model also referred as OSI layered model, OIS layered technology, 7 layer model, OSI seven layer model, OSI reference model.

What is the data unit of Data Link layer?

Frame

What are the difference between TCP and UDP?

·                 TCP: Connection oriented protocol, acknowledged one, Point to point communication.

·                 UDP: Connection less protocol, unreliable, less traffic

What is the port no of DNS and Telnet?

·                 DNS port no: 53

·                 Telnet port no: 23

What is the port no of SMTP and POP3?

·                 SMPT port no: 25

·                 POP3 port no: 110

What is the functionality of network layer? Name the data unint of network layer.

·                 Functionality of network layer: Path determination and logical addressing

·                 Data unit of network layer: Packet

Which three layers of OSI model is treated as "Media Layers"?

Physical layer, data link layer and network layer are treated as "Media Layers".

What is deadlock?

Deadlock is a situation when two or more processes are waiting indefinitely for an event that can be caused by only one of the waiting processes. The implementation of a semaphore with a waiting queue may result in this situation.

Mention the advantages and disadvantages of a router.

Advantages:

·                 Router can limit the collision domain and broadcast domain

·                 Router can function both on LAN & WAN.

·                 Different media & architectures can be connected among themselves through router.

·                 Router can determine best path/route for data to reach

·                 the destination.

·                 Router can filter the broadcasts.

·                 For communicating different networks, routers must be used.

Disadvantage:

·                 Router is more expensive than any other networking devices like Hub, Bridge & Switch.

·                 Router only work with routable protocols.

·                 Routing updates consume some bandwidth.

·                 Increase latency due to greater degree of packet

·                 filtering.

·                 Routers function as software based and so it's slower compared to switch.

Mention the private IP address rannge of class B and C.

·                 For Class B: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255

·                 For Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

What is the IP range of class C IP address?

240.0.0.0      255.255.255.255

What is the default subnet mask of class C IP address?

255.255.255.0

Why do you need subnet mask?

Subnet mask is required to divide a large network into several small networks.

Tell the full name: DNS, FTP

·                 DNS: Domain Name System

·                 FTP: File Transfer Protocol

What is the functionality or ARP?

ARP refers to Address Resolution Protocol. ARP is a computer networking protocol for determining a network host's link layer or hardware address when only its Internet Layer (IP) or Network Layer address is known.

Which one is reliable: TCP or UDP?

TCP is reliable and UDP is an unreliable service.

How DHCP works?

DHCP works by four-steps: (1) IP request, (2) IP offer (3) IP selection and (d) Acknowledgement.

What is POP3? Why you require POP3?

POP stands for Post Office Protocol. This is used to describe how e-mail clients interact with mail servers. The POP3 Server is a type of mail server used for incoming mail. POP is only used to receive messages.

What is the difference between Layer 2 Switch and Layer 3 Switch?

Layer 2 switch is based on MAC addresses which operates on Data Link Layer of OSI mode. And Layer 3 switching is based on network topology table populated and works on Network layer.

Cheat Chart: Some common terms

·                 ARP: Address Resolution Protocol 

·                 DNS: Domain Name System

·                 FTP: File Transfer Protocol

·                 HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

·                 IP: Internet Protocol

·                 NNTP: Network News Transfer Protocol

·                 POP3: Post Office Protocol 3

·                 PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol

·                 SMPP: Short Message Peer-to-Peer 

·                 SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

·                 TCP: Transmission Control Protocol

·                 UDP: User Datagram Protocol

Cheat Chart: OSI layers

OSI reference model has seven layers:

·                 Application layer

·                 Presentation layer

·                 Session layer

·                 Transport layer

·                 Network layer

·                 Data link layer

·                 Physical layer

Cheat Chart: OSI layers functionality

·                 Application layer: Network process to application

·                 Presentation layer: Data representation and encryption

·                 Session layer: Interhost communication

·                 Transport layer: End-to-end connections and reliability

·                 Network layer: Path determination and logical addressing

·                 Data link layer: Physical addressing

·                 Physical layer: Media, signal and binary transmission

Cheat Chart: TCP/IP reference model

TCP/IP reference model has four layers:

·                 Application

·                 Transport

·                 Internet

·                 Network Access

Cheat Chart: Data Units of OSI layers

·                 Application layer...........Data

·                 Presentation layer.........Data

·                 Session layer.................Data

·                 Transport layer..............Segment

·                 Network layer................Packet

·                 Data link layer...............Frame

·                 Physical layer................Bit

Chear Chart: Default Port Numbers

       Service            Port No.

·                 FTP     --------   20,21

·                 SSH    --------    22

·                 telnet   --------    23

·                 SMTP  --------   25

·                 DNS    --------    53

·                 DHCP --------    67,68

·                 TFTP   --------    69

·                 HTTP   --------    80

·                 POP3   --------   110

·                 NNTP   --------   119

·                 NTP      --------   123

·                 IMAP4  --------   143

·                 LDAP   --------   389

·                 HTTPS --------    443

·                 IMAPS --------    993

·                 RADIUS--------  1812

·                 AIM       --------     5190

Cheat Chart: Public IP address ranges

Every computer in the Internet has an IP address. There are five types of IP address. In the following table, you will find all the classes of IP address and the class name:

Class    Start address Finish Address

·                 A         0.0.0.0      127.255.255.255

·                 B      128.0.0.0      191.255.255.255

·                 C      192.0.0.0      223.255.255.255

·                 D      224.0.0.0      239.255.255.255

·                 E      240.0.0.0      255.255.255.255

Cheat chart: Default subnet mask

In the following section, you will see the default subnet mask of each class:

·                 For Class A: 255.0.0.0

·                 For Class B: 255.255.0.0

·                 For Class C: 255.255.255.0

Cheat Chart: Private IP address ranges

Public IP address is not so much. That's why the concept of private IP arises. In the following, you will find all the private IP address ranges of all classes.

·                 For Class A:      10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255

·                 For Class B:   172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255

·                 For Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

Cheat Chart: Host layers and media layers

·                 Host layers: The upper four layers are known as Host layers. The layers of host layers includes : Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer and Transport layer.

·                 Media layers: The lower three layers are known as Media layers. The layers of media layers are : Network layer, Data link layer and Physical layer.

HSRP:
Hot Standby Routing Protocol, a proprietary protocol from Cisco. HSRP is a routing protocol that provides backup to a router in the event of failure. Using HSRP, several routers are connected to the same segment of an Ethernet, FDDI or token-ring network and work together to present the appearance of a single virtual router on the LAN. The routers share the same IP and MAC addresses, therefore in the event of failure of one router, the hosts on the LAN are able to continue forwarding packets to a consistent IP and MAC address. The process of transferring the routing responsibilities from one device to another is transparent to the user.

VRRP :
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol, an election protocol that dynamically assigns responsibility for one or more virtual router(s) to the VRRP router(s) on a LAN, allowing several routers on a multiaccess link to utilize the same virtual IP address. A VRRP router is configured to run the VRRP protocol in conjunction with one or more other routers attached to a LAN. In a VRRP setup, one router is elected as the master router with the other routers acting as backups in case of the failure of the master route

Read More